:: Applications Of oxicat Chlorine Dioxide Generators ::

We will review in brief the applictions of the oxicat generator and / or the mobile CD Generator system bringing "ready to use chlorine dioxide solution of site".

6.1 Drinking water
Chlorine Dioxide is approved worldwide at 0.5ppm to 1.5ppm residual in water for:

		::	THM control
		::	Reduction of Taste and Odour problems from algal blooms.
		::	Precipitation of iron or manganese in water at any pH
		::	CT credits for disinfectant (0.25ppm residual chlorine dioxide at a 20 second contact line will give a 99.99% kill of pathogenic bacteria).
		::	Cryptosprodium control
		::	Long life residual for post disinfectant
		::	Biofilin removal

6.2 Sewage Plants
Treatment of discharged water at 0.25ppm to 0.5ppm residual. There is no regulatory requirement on the levels of chlorine dioxide that is discharged into the environment. NOTE, chlorine is now regulated at a maximum permissible discharge level of 0.025ppm free chlorine in the USA.
Order control in the sewage treatment plants this can be achieved by spraying or misting chlorine dioxide over the relevant tanks or lagoons.
Control H2S odour control in pipelines, forced mains where pipelines, manhole covers in residential areas.

6.3 Process Water
This description covers a multitude of applications and industries where water is treated in the process for microbiological control of pathogenic bacteria, fungi,viruses,algae and cysts. As a rule of thumb the application level is 0.5ppm to 2ppm residual, at all times in the process water.

6.4 Rinse Water
In many applications in the food and beverage industry water is used to rinse, spray or clean:

		::	Food and beverage products e.g. washing of peaches prior to canning.
		::	Rinsing packaging material e.g. bottle rinse water prior to filling.
		::	CIP rinse systems

Typically these units are rinsed with 0.25ppm to 0.5ppm residual.

6.5 Sanitation (CIP / COP)
Typically sanitation treatment of food processing units e.g. CIP systems will require typically 10-20ppm dose of chlorine dioxide as the main sterilant.

6.6 Cooling Water
There are a vast number of cooling towers, processes requiring cooling towers where there are high levels for microbiological contaminations. Chlorine dioxide, because of its lack of chemical reactions, can operate in looking water laden with oils, ammonia or organics with little to no reduction in efficiency. Typically the target is to maintain 0.1ppm to 0.5ppm residual in the recirculating water coming from the critical heat exchange in the system. At 0.18ppm residual chlorine dioxide shows incredible capability for removal of biofilm.

6.7 Agriculture
There is a growing list of opportunities in agriculture to use chlorine dioxide. We have pioneered a number of these applications in South Africa, these are:

		::	Treatment of irrigation water at 0.5-2ppm dosage
		::	Fertigated water at 0.1-0.5ppm residual
		::	Sanitation of media, seed trays, equipment, at 20ppm
		::	Fumigation of soil and grain products at 50-200ppm as chlorine dioxide gas in place of methyl bromide.

6.8 Food Processing
Washing of carcasses red meat, white-meat, poultry, fish at a level of 1-5ppm residual without any effect of taint, discolouration or spoiling in any way of the meat product.

6.9 Oil Well Stimulation
Chlorine Dioxide is hugely more soluble in oil (hydrocarbons) then in water hence it has been used successfully to treat oil wells for anaerobic sulphate reducing bacteria problems, oil / gas well plugging and increased yield from oil / gas well through stimulating the oil / gas flow.

6.10 Environmental Control
Chlorine Dioxide can be used in the protection of the environment through:

		::	Cyanide destruction
		::	Phenol elimination
		::	Improvement in COD / BOD
		::	Acidic mine water control through the precipitation of iron/manganese at any pH

6.11 Metal Recovery
Chlorine Dioxide has been demonstrated to be used as a lixivant for a variety of metals like gold, the platasium ground metals, and nickel amongst others. As can be seen practically every field of endeavour where micro-organisms need to be eliminated determine dioxide can be used. The industries cover the whole spectrum of humour endeavour:

		::	Agriculture
		::	Electronics (polishing wafers)
		::	Drinking water
		::	Waste water discharge
		::	Food and beverage
		::	Chemical industry
		::	Mining
		::	Metal fabrication
		::	Gas production
		::	Oil well stimulation
		::	Fruit / vegetables / flower washing
		::	Utilities (power generation)
		::	Petrochemicals
		::	Pulp and paper